Skip to Main Content
Library Research Guides
Trinity College
Library & Information Technology Services

Course Materials Affordability and Open Educational Resources (OER)

A guide for instructors on options for providing no-cost or low-cost course materials to students.

Affordable course materials options

There are a variety of options for providing course materials at little to no-cost for students. Please see the boxes below for additional information on these options.

  • Open Educational Resources (OER) - These are resources that are not only free for students and instructors to use, but include additional permissions granted by the author(s) for anyone to retain, revise, remix, reuse, and/or redistribute the resources (the 5R's). By default, material in the public domain may also be used as an OER.
  • Library-licensed resources - The library already licenses electronic journals, books, references works, digital media (audio/visual), and other materials.  Many will allow use within a course. These materials are free for student use, though they are purchased using institutional funds.
  • Course reserves - These are either physical/print or electronic materials that can be placed on reserve for a particular course. Physical materials can be retrieved at the Library and Information Technology (IT) Desk, while electronic materials can be accessed via the course site on Moodle. If Trinity does not own the material(s) you would like to put on course reserve, there may be funding to purchase copies or you may loan the library a personal copy for student use.
  • Course packs - A low-cost option, these are submitted to and distributed by the bookstore. Prices of course packets include the cost of printing plus a modest surcharge per packet to cover the annual licensing fee. (Faculty participating in a pilot in Spring 2023 found their course packets ranged from $34-$55, depending on length.)

Another way of considering what to use is to view "open" as a spectrum, from the public domain at one end and permission granted by the copyright holder at the other.  The open community in Florida (OPEN FL) has created a concise graphic and additional information to describe the spectrum of open.

Open Educational Resources (OER) and public domain resources

David Wiley describes the principles of open content as:

The terms “open content” and “open educational resources” describe any copyrightable work (traditionally excluding software, which is described by other terms like “open source”) that is either (1) in the public domain or (2) licensed in a manner that provides everyone with free and perpetual permission to engage in the 5R activities:

  1. Retain – make, own, and control a copy of the resource (e.g., download and keep your own copy)
  2. Revise – edit, adapt, and modify your copy of the resource (e.g., translate into another language)
  3. Remix – combine your original or revised copy of the resource with other existing material to create something new (e.g., make a mashup)
  4. Reuse – use your original, revised, or remixed copy of the resource publicly (e.g., on a website, in a presentation, in a class)
  5. Redistribute – share copies of your original, revised, or remixed copy of the resource with others (e.g., post a copy online or give one to a friend)

OER Mythbusting: Collaboratively developed resource dispelling the most common OER myths.

GoOpen Connecticut: OER Resources from the State of Connecticut.

Textbook focused sites


Other OER repositories and search engines - may include textbooks, but also ancillary materials such as lesson plans, assignment, simulations, and multimedia.

Works (including images) that are in the public domain and have no copyright protections (because the copyright term has expired, the work was created by the government, or the creator has chosen to release the work directly into the public domain).

Questions about OER and public domain resources can be directed to Jeremy Garritano, Science Librarian.

Library-licensed resources (electronic)

Under principles of Fair Use, many of the resources the library already licenses electronically may be shared with your students as course material.

The Library maintains a table of Guidelines for Sharing Course Materials, indicating in general which resources can be linked in Moodle, distributed in class, placed on course reserve, etc.

You can search OneSearch for many of the electronic books and articles that the Library licenses. You may also search directly through one of our individual databases (such as JSTOR, Academic Search Premier, etc.).

When distributing links to students directly (via email) or indirectly (via Moodle), you can create persistent links from the Library's catalog, OneSearch. If you are using a link to one of our licensed resources, you may need to add the Library's proxy link to the URL to have students authenticate when using an off-campus network.

Questions about library-licensed resources can be directed to one of the research and instruction librarians or ISHelp@trincoll.edu.

Course reserves (print and electronic)

The Library will purchase or make available books, videos, and other materials from its collections for course reserves. Digital content is the preferred format for most reserves, but print will be made available at the Library and IT desk. A chapter of a print book may be digitized for a class, upon request.

To make a course reserves request, use the help ticket system under Request Type = Library, then select Course Reserves & Streaming Video. Under "Location," you may indicate whether the library already owns the material, the library needs to purchase the material, or you will lend your personal copy (the Library may digitize a portion or put the full material on print course reserve).

Students may borrow physical materials on course reserve for 3 hours, in-Library use only.

Additional information, including our Streaming Video policy and other policies, can be found on our Course Materials page.

For assistance or questions with course reserves, you may either contact helpdesk@trincoll.edu or submit a ticket.

Course packets

Course packets can be created using the Copyright Clearance Center's (CCC) RightFind Tool. (You will have to register as a new user if this is your first time creating a course packet.)

Trinity’s subscription to the CCC's RightFind service offers blanket copyright permissions for many sources to be used in course packets. Instructors can search the CCC database to see if their readings are covered by this license. If so, they can submit a digital copy of the course packet to the bookstore, and direct their students to purchase copies there. (Faculty participating in a pilot in Spring 2023 found their course packets ranged from $34-$55, depending on length).

Readings that are not covered by the CCC license can be shared with students according to the usual Fair Use Guidelines. See our guide to sharing course materials for more details.

For course packet printing and logistics, please contact Doug Stewart at bookstore@trincoll.edu.

Please direct questions about the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to Amy Harrell at amy.harrell@trincoll.edu.